Academic Leadership Submissions: Style Sheet

Put all text (except indented block quotations and bulleted lists) flush with the left margin.
Insert only one space between sentences. Insert no spaces around dashes.
Use italics instead of bold or capitals to emphasize words or ideas.
Italicize (rather than underline) all book and journal titles. Enclose article titles mentioned in the text in quotation marks.

PUNCTUATION

In a list separated by commas, place a comma before the coordinating conjunction (e.g., " Academic Leadership is accessible, lively, and widely read.").
Use double quotation marks when quoting someone else. Use single quotation marks only when quoting someone else's quote.
Use parentheses rather than brackets for citations or additional commentary. Use brackets only when adding an extra citation or comment within a parenthetical sequence.
Use periods in the abbreviation for United States when it is used as an adjective (e.g., "U.S. Army" or "U.S. Department of Education"). When it appears as a noun, use the full term " United States ."
Avoid contractions unless they appear within the language of a quoted source.
Use spaced ellipsis points (. . .) within a sentence to indicate that you have omitted material from the original source. Three dots indicate an omission within a quoted sentence, whereas four mark the omission of one or more sentences. Please do not to use ellipsis points at the beginning of any quotation unless, to prevent misinterpretation, you need to emphasize that the quotation begins or ends in mid-sentence.

CAPITALIZATION

When referring to specific computer commands, capitalize and use quotation marks (e.g., "Insert File" or "Draw Table").
In general, do not capitalize titles such as “director,” “manager,” “president,” and “professor.”
Capitalize the title of an academic course, but do not put it in quotation marks or italics (e.g., Educational Finance 854).
Do not capitalize seasonal names such as "spring" or "summer" unless they are designations for the volume or issue of a publication.
Use sentence-style capitalization for the titles of supplementary files (exhibits, figures, tables, and the like). Capitalize only the first word, any proper nouns, and the first word of the subtitle if present (e.g., "Framework for effective teaching, 2000").

HEADINGS AND SUBHEADINGS

Put section headings in bold (e.g., Contemporary Challenges for the Elementary Educator) and subheadings within major sections in italics (e.g., Rise in Youth Violence).
Capitalize the first word of section headings and subheadings, as well as all other words within the heading except definite and indefinite articles, conjunctions, and prepositions.

NUMBERS

Adhere to the alternative rule outlined in section 9.6 of the Chicago Manual: In general, spell out only single-digit numbers; use numerals for all others (e.g., "Susan bought nine computers to accommodate 18 new students").
When multiple items in the same category are mentioned in the same sentence, maintain consistency (e.g., "Of the students in Susan's classroom, only 2 were from single parent families").
Treat ordinal numbers as you would cardinal numbers (e.g. "the first item on the 10th survey," "21st-century characteristics of effective leaders," "data in the 5th and 15th rows of the table"). Note that the ordinal suffix should not be in superscript.
Use numerals for a sequential list of steps, procedures, or supplementary materials (e.g., Step1, Step 2; Test 1, Test 2; Table 1, Table 2).
Unless it begins a sentence, always state a percentage in numerals and use the percent sign (e.g., 5%, 45%).
Except at the beginning of a sentence, state amounts of money with numerals and the appropriate currency sign (e.g., $15).
Express years in numerals (e.g., 1996). For decades, use numerals and add a final -s, without an apostrophe (e.g., 1990s).
Denote times of day with numerals (e.g., "To attend the seminar, arrive by 10:30 a.m. ").
When providing inclusive page numbers, always give the full form of each number (e.g., 114-119 rather than 114-19).

ACRONYMS

Upon first use, spell out the full term in question and enclose the acronym in parentheses. Thereafter, use only the acronym.
Even technology, state and national school improvement acronyms (such as IT, NCLB, NCA) that are well-known and accepted must be spelled out upon first use.

INTERNET TERMINOLOGY AND SPELLING

Type these common terms as they appear below, using the spelling and capitalization provided. An obvious exception: Any term used at the beginning of a sentence should be capitalized.

e-mail
online
home page
Internet
Web, Web site, World Wide Web
webmaster, webcast
log in, log off, log out (verbs)
login, logout, logoff (nouns/adjectives)

IN-TEXT PARENTHETICAL CITATIONS

To cite references in the text proper, enclose the surname of the author and year of publication in parentheses; this information will point readers to the expanded bibliographic entry at the end of the document. When referring to the entirety of a source, do not provide page numbers. When referring to a specific part of the work or quoting it directly, include a page number or span.

Basic examples follow. Please use the capitalization, punctuation, and formatting standards reflected here.

Single author: (James 1997)
Single author with page citation: (James 1997, 47-49)
Two to three authors: (Smith and Levi 2004)
(Elk, Marsh, and Raspberry 2003, 99)
More than three authors: (Adams et al. 2002)
Institutional author: (British Standards Institute 2004, 318)
Multiple works by same author: (Franks 1995, 1996)
(Franks 1995, 7; 1996, 12-17).
Multiple works by same author with same publication year:
(Jones 2001a, 2001b)
Multiple works by different authors: (James 1997; Franks 1995; Jones 2001a, 2001b)
Forthcoming work: (Devlin, forthcoming)
When the author is mentioned in the sentence proper, you need not repeat his/her name in the parenthetical citation. Use present tense when referring to the author's stance or argument, regardless of how long ago the work was published. Example: "As James (1997) argues, early education is vital."
When the work is available online, link the year of publication to the appropriate Web site. Example: (Pellegrino, Chudowsky, and Glaser 2001)
If you use a source that is available both online and in print, and you wish to provide specific page/section citations for both versions, employ bracketed notations. Example: (Angelo 1999, introductory paragraph [online], page 1 [print])
If you mention a Web site, listserv message, or similar electronic source in general terms, do not create a parenthetical citation. Do hyperlink the site name if appropriate. Example: "Lewis, a professor at the University of Wisconsin ( UW), teaches six courses per year. He often posts messages to the What's Up UW? listserv."
If you quote an electronic source or use it for more specific purposes, a parenthetical citation is mandated. For the publication year, insert the year the material was posted or last updated. If you cannot find this information, use "n.d." (no date).
We discourage the use of personal communications and unpublished interviews as sources. If you feel it necessary to cite such a source, incorporate the relevant details (persons involved, type of communication, date of communication) in the sentence proper. Do not create a parenthetical citation. We also discourage the use of manuscripts in progress, student research papers, and the like as sources; we cannot assume that these materials have been subjected to an adequate peer review.

THE REFERENCES SECTION

Place the list of references at the end of your manuscript. Title this list “References” rather than “Works Cited” or “Bibliography.” Include only those references cited in the article proper.
Place the entries in alphabetical order by name. For two or more works by the same author, editor, or organization, alphabetize by title (ignoring the articles “A,” “An,” and “The”).
The essential information contained in a reference entry is as follows: author name(s), year of publication, title of publication, publisher location and/or name, and page numbers (for book chapters, journal articles, and the like). A reference entry for an electronic source should also include the URL and the date on which you last accessed the material in question.
Do not spell out the full names of authors; used spaced initials for the first and, if present, middle names. Invert the first author's name, but transcribe any co-authors' names normally.
In general, use sentence-style capitalization for the titles of books, articles, Web site sections, listserv messages, etc. Capitalize only the first word of the title, the first word of the subtitle (if present), and any proper nouns. Note that Academic Leadership treats "Web" and "Internet" as proper nouns.
Italicize book titles and journal names; use regular text for most everything else.

Basic examples follow. Please use the capitalization, punctuation, and formatting standards reflected here.

Print book, authored
Martin, J. W., and L. Roman. 1997. Preparing tomorrow’s teachers today: A primer. Dallas : Educational Technologies.
Chapter from print book by same author(s)
Martin, J. W., and L. Roman. 1997. Wired classrooms. In Preparing tomorrow’s teachers today: A primer, 110-125. Dallas : Educational Technologies.
Print book, edited
Bailey, Q., and S. Dempsey, eds. 1996. The technology gap. Los Angeles : Mercy Press.
Chapter from print book with multiple authors
Markham , D. Generational dissonance in the common classroom. In The technology gap, ed. Q. Bailey and S. Dempsey, 229-242. Los Angeles : Mercy Press.
Print book, organizational author
University of Chicago Press . 2003. The Chicago manual of style. 15th ed. Chicago : University of Chicago Press.
Online book
Pellegrino, J. W., N. Chudowsky, and R. Glaser, eds. 2001. Knowing what students know: The science and design of educational assessment. Washington , DC : National Academies Press. http://www.nap.edu/books/0309072727/html/ (accessed March 23, 2004 ).
Print article, volume and issue numbers available
Hewitt, A. R. 2003. The implications of educational assessment. Technology Quarterly 11 (2): 27-44.
Print article, volume number only
Nissan, X. 1991. Distance education mandates. Dialogue 14:32-50.
Print article, issue number only
Morgan, T. 1999. The rise of the laptop in Web-based education. Educational Research, no. 8:65-87.
Print article, volume number and month/season
Zebra, S. 2001. One teacher’s journey: Forging a career in the age of information. Journal of Classroom Experience 77 (November): 8-17.
Print article, month/season designation only
Alpine, S. A., L. Lewis, and Q. Jackson. 2004. Improvements in course management systems. Informed Educator, March-April:111-115.
Article available in print and online
Angelo, T. A. 1999. Doing assessment as if learning matters most. AAHE Bulletin 59 (9): 3-6. http://www.aahebulletin.com/public/archive
/angelomay99.asp (accessed March 27, 2004 ).
Article published online only
Blanchard, A. 2004. Virtual behavior settings: An application of behavior setting theories to virtual communities. Journal of Computer Mediated Communication 9 (2). http://www.ascusc.org/jcmc/vol9/issue2/blanchard.html (accessed March 25, 2004 ).
Signed newspaper article
Dello, R. S., and K. Strasse. 2004. Replacing pencils with keyboards. Small City News, August 23.
Unsigned newspaper article
Small City News. 2003. Laptop initiatives on the rise. September 1.
Forthcoming work
Richards, L. P. Forthcoming. Statistics packages for survey responses. In New research methods, ed. P. Q. Trask, 20-40. New York : Basic Books.
Conference presentation
Doolittle, R. 2003. Moving the "sage on the stage" out of the spotlight. Paper presented at the third annual meeting of the Future Forward Society, New York , NY , March.
Print report when author and publisher are the same
Texas Education Commission. 2004. http://repositories.cdlib.org/cshe/CSHE4-01/ (accessed May 9, 2004 ).
Recorded and archived interview
Edwards, E. 2002. Interview by J. L. Morrison. Tape recording. February 18. University of North Carolina Multimedia Archives, Chapel Hill .
Web site
Open Archives Initiative. n.d. Mission statement. http://www.openarchives.org/organization/index.html (accessed March 29, 2004 ).
Listserv message
Calvert, D. 2003. Lost Internet connection. E-mail to Grapevine mailing list. September 27. http://www.electriceditors.net/grapevine/issues/485.txt (accessed March 30, 2004 ).
CD-ROM or DVD
Morrison, J. L., ed. 1997. Technology tools for today's campuses. CD-ROM. Redmond , WA : Microsoft Corporation.